Low back pain
Also called: Lumbago, Non-specific back pain
Pain in the lower back is extremely common; in about 90% no specific serious cause is found, and most episodes improve within weeks.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Non-specific strain of muscles, ligaments, discs and joints
- Less commonly: disc herniation, spinal stenosis, fracture, infection, cancer
Risk factors
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Heavy lifting
- Obesity
- Smoking
- Stress and low mood
Symptoms
- Aching or stiffness in the lower back
- Pain worse with certain movements
- Muscle spasm
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Clinical assessment for red flags
- Imaging only for red flags or persistent severe symptoms
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- NSAIDs short-term
- Avoid opioids for chronic back pain
Operations and procedures
- Radiofrequency denervation for selected facet-joint pain
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Stay active; avoid bed rest
- Exercise therapy, Pilates, yoga
- Heat
- Manual therapy alongside exercise
- Psychological approaches for chronic pain
Possible complications
- Chronic pain
Prevention
- Regular exercise, core strength, healthy weight
Outlook
Most acute episodes resolve within 6 weeks; recurrences are common.
When to see a doctor
Seek emergency care for numbness around the genitals, bladder or bowel changes, leg weakness, fever or history of cancer.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.