Acute kidney injury
Also called: AKI, Acute renal failure
A sudden fall in kidney function over hours to days, usually in people who are already unwell. It is often reversible if the cause is treated quickly.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Dehydration, bleeding or sepsis (reduced kidney blood flow)
- Nephrotoxic drugs (NSAIDs, some antibiotics, contrast)
- Urinary obstruction (enlarged prostate, stones)
- Glomerulonephritis
Risk factors
- Older age
- Chronic kidney disease
- Heart failure
- Diabetes
- Sepsis
- ACE inhibitors or diuretics during illness
Symptoms
- Reduced urine output
- Swelling
- Confusion
- Nausea
- Often found on blood tests
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Rising creatinine and reduced urine output
- Urine dipstick
- Ultrasound for obstruction
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Treat the cause: fluids, stop harmful drugs, treat infection
- Manage potassium and fluid balance
Operations and procedures
- Relieve obstruction (catheter, nephrostomy)
- Temporary dialysis if needed
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Pause certain medicines (sick-day rules) during vomiting or diarrhoea if advised
Possible complications
- High potassium
- Fluid overload
- Progression to chronic kidney disease
Prevention
- Hydration during illness, medicine review
Outlook
Most recover, but it increases future kidney and mortality risk.
When to see a doctor
Seek urgent care for much reduced urine output during an illness.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.