Varicose veins
Also called: Venous insufficiency
Enlarged, twisted veins under the skin of the legs caused by leaky valves. They are common and often cosmetic, but can cause aching, swelling, skin changes and ulcers.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Failure of one-way valves in the great or small saphenous veins
Risk factors
- Family history
- Female sex and pregnancy
- Age
- Obesity
- Prolonged standing
Symptoms
- Visible bulging veins
- Aching, heavy or itchy legs, worse at the end of the day
- Ankle swelling
- Brown skin discolouration and eczema
- Leg ulcers in advanced disease
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Clinical examination
- Duplex ultrasound to map valve reflux
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Compression stockings for symptoms
Operations and procedures
- Endovenous laser or radiofrequency ablation
- Foam sclerotherapy
- Surgical stripping or phlebectomy
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Elevate legs when resting
- Regular walking
- Avoid standing still for long periods
- Weight control
Possible complications
- Superficial thrombophlebitis
- Bleeding
- Venous eczema and ulcers
Prevention
- Exercise, healthy weight, avoiding prolonged standing
Outlook
Not dangerous in most people; modern ablation is highly effective.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor for painful veins, skin changes, ulcers or bleeding.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.