Hormones & metabolismCancerICD-10 C73
Thyroid cancer
Most thyroid cancers are slow-growing papillary cancers with an excellent outlook, usually discovered as a painless lump in the neck.
Condition-specific references are below. Individual claims and this page have not been clinically reviewed. Read about this content.
Causes
- Genetic mutations (BRAF, RET)
- Radiation exposure in childhood
Risk factors
- Female sex
- Childhood radiation
- Family history, MEN2 syndrome (medullary)
Symptoms
- Painless neck lump
- Hoarse voice
- Difficulty swallowing
- Enlarged neck lymph nodes
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Ultrasound
- Fine-needle aspiration cytology
- Thyroid function
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Levothyroxine after surgery
- Targeted drugs for advanced disease
Operations and procedures
- Lobectomy or total thyroidectomy
- Radioactive iodine for selected cases
- Active surveillance for very small papillary cancers
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Long-term follow-up with thyroglobulin tests
Possible complications
- Voice change or low calcium after surgery
- Recurrence
Prevention
- Avoid unnecessary neck radiation
Outlook
Over 95% ten-year survival for papillary cancer.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor for a new neck lump, especially if growing or with hoarseness.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.