Sciatica
Also called: Lumbar radiculopathy, Slipped disc
Pain radiating from the lower back down the back of the leg, caused by compression or irritation of a nerve root — usually by a herniated lumbar disc.
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Causes
- Herniated intervertebral disc (L4/5, L5/S1)
- Spinal stenosis
- Spondylolisthesis
Risk factors
- Age 30–50
- Heavy lifting and twisting
- Prolonged sitting
- Obesity
- Smoking
Symptoms
- Sharp, burning pain from the buttock down the leg, often below the knee
- Numbness or tingling in the leg or foot
- Leg weakness
- Pain worse on coughing or sitting
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Clinical examination (straight-leg-raise test)
- MRI if symptoms persist beyond 6 weeks or red flags are present
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Stay active; NSAIDs short-term
- Neuropathic pain medicines have limited benefit
- Epidural steroid injection for severe persistent pain
Operations and procedures
- Microdiscectomy for persistent severe symptoms or neurological deficit
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Keep moving; avoid bed rest
- Physiotherapy and graded exercise
- Heat and gentle stretching
Possible complications
- Chronic pain
- Cauda equina syndrome (emergency)
Prevention
- Core strength, good lifting technique, healthy weight
Outlook
Most cases improve within 6–12 weeks without surgery.
When to see a doctor
Seek emergency care for numbness around the genitals or buttocks, loss of bladder or bowel control, or weakness in both legs.
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.