Male reproductiveReproductiveICD-10 N46
Male infertility
Male factors contribute to about half of couples' infertility — usually low sperm count, motility or abnormal shape.
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Causes
- Varicocele
- Hormonal problems
- Genetic causes (Klinefelter, Y-chromosome deletions, CFTR)
- Infections, previous mumps orchitis
- Blockages
- Anabolic steroids, smoking, heat
Risk factors
- Smoking, obesity, alcohol
- Testosterone or anabolic steroid use
- Undescended testes
Symptoms
- Difficulty conceiving after 12 months
Diagnosis — tests and examinations
- Semen analysis (repeat)
- Hormone tests
- Scrotal ultrasound
- Genetic testing
Treatment
Medicines and medical treatment
- Hormone treatment for pituitary causes
Operations and procedures
- Varicocele repair
- Surgical sperm retrieval
- IVF with ICSI
Self-care, home remedies and lifestyle
- Stop smoking and steroids
- Healthy weight
- Avoid overheating the testes
Possible complications
- Emotional distress
Prevention
- Avoid anabolic steroids and smoking
Outlook
Assisted reproduction allows many couples to conceive.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor after a year of trying (6 months if the woman is over 35).
Sources and further reading
These sources cover this condition. They have not been checked against every statement on this page.
Related conditions
Educational overview, not medical advice. Treatment varies by person and location. Consult a qualified health professional for diagnosis or care. Read our content and model notes and privacy information.